巢湖流域土地利用程度变化及其空间异质性分析

基于GIS和遥感平台提取巢湖流域范围,分析了2000-2013近15年来的巢湖流域土地利用程度及其空间异质性特征。研究表明:①近15年来,巢湖流域的土地利用结构变化较大,呈现"三减一增"的变化趋势,即林地、农地和水体呈下降趋势,建设用地呈上升趋势,其中,农地面积下降明显,建设用地面积增幅较大;②土地利用程度变化两极分化,弱土地利用程度显著下降,强土地利用程度明显增加。分析表明,2000—2013年的近15年间,弱和较弱土地利用程度的流域面积下降3 429 km~2,占总流域面积24.61%;较强和强土地利用程度的流域面积上升729 km~2,占总流域面积5.23%;③土地利用程度空间异质性分析表明,2000年和2013年巢湖流域土地利用程度全局空间自相关的Moran's I值分别为0.802 2和0.753 9,呈显著的正相关关系,表明巢湖流域土地利用程度不是无序的,而是具有明显的空间集聚性;局部空间自相关分析表明,LISA图显示土地利用程度的高高值区主要集聚在以合肥市区为核心的周围,低低值区主要集聚在以西南部的大别山森林地区和中部巢湖及沿湖周边。     

川中丘陵区城墙岩群和蓬莱镇组紫色岩上土壤性质研究

采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了川中丘陵区白垩系城墙岩群(K1cg)和侏罗系蓬莱镇组(J3p)两种紫色母岩上土壤理化性质特征和差异,结果表明:两种紫色岩母质发育的土壤粘粒含量低,而砂粒含量高;土壤有机质和氮素含量低,而矿质养分含量丰富;在相同的地形部位上,J3p发育的土壤粘粒、全钾、速效钾和速效磷含量高于K1cg发育的土壤,而K1cg发育的土壤pH和土壤全磷均高于J3p发育的土壤,两种紫色岩母质形成的土壤有机质和氮素差异不明显。从丘顶到丘脚,土层逐渐增厚,土壤粘粒含量逐渐递增,砂粒含量逐渐递减;土壤有机质及各种矿质养分含量均呈递增趋势。     

周原全新世土壤剖面木炭屑与野火活动的关系研究

研究陕西周原全新世黄土剖面磁化率曲线、总有机碳曲线、木炭屑曲线和野火活动及其与生态环境演变的关系结果表明,马兰黄土堆积时期气候干旱,在当时半荒漠草原上当地时常有自然野火发生;全新世大暖时期(85 0 0～310 0aB .P)气候湿润,生物成壤作用强度大,呈现森林或森林草原自然景观,野火活动极少发生;先周人迁居到周原地区(310 0aB .P)开始,人类用火及其放火烧荒开垦农田等活动,加之气候变得干旱,生物化学成壤作用减弱,致使生态环境发生重大变化,自然生态景观向半自然、半人工景观演替;15 0 0aB .P开始可耕种土地几乎开垦殆尽,生态景观完全被人工农田生态景观所代替;而近几百年来随着人口密度和聚落的增加,人类生活用火和垃圾随之加大,人类对土壤环境的干扰进一步增强     

基于离散小波分解与重构的多源土壤含水量数据融合方法与评估

为提高土壤含水量格点数据的区域适用性、准确性，该研究提出了基于离散小波多尺度分解与重构的多源土壤含水量数据融合方法，利用2016-2018年6-9月ESA-CCI、SMAP、ERA5-Land数据集以及地面站点观测的土壤含水量数据，在以黄河流域为主体的主要农业气候区开展了融合方法可行性和适用性研究。结果表明，融合方法能有效捕获融合数据源的多尺度特征信息，通过多源多尺度逐层特征信息权重融合与重构，能有效改进单一数据源在不同农业气候区域的适用性、时空结构和波动特征的准确性。融合结果总体评估的均方根误差、偏差(Bias)和相关系数(r)分别为0.053 m³/m³、0.001 m³/m³和0.721，时空分解评估的综合表现均优于单一融合数据源的评估指标，多尺度时空波动频谱结构特征与观测时空序列更吻合，特别在25 d时间尺度以内时空波动吻合度改进最为明显。该研究获得了较理想的区域土壤含水量改进预期，可为区域生态环境监测、农业可持续发展、水土保持、防灾减灾等科学研究和业务应用提供可行有效的方法参考。     

潋水流域产水产沙自然过程的计算机模拟Ⅰ.数学模型体系与参数输入

使用流域尺度土壤和水资源管理模拟模型SWRRB（包括198个数学方程）,对面积为579.3km2的江西潋水河流域的产水量、产沙量等自然过程进行了计算机模拟,获得了较好的模拟结果.模拟成功的关键是：（1）将流域划分为多个亚区;（2）精心而周到地准备输入参数;（3）按各输入参数对各输出参数影响大小的顺序进行充分的实验和参数调整以达最佳结果.文中对亚区划分和地形要素、气温、降雨、土壤特性和径流曲线系数的赋值给予了较多的注意.     

Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in a shallow lake

Goal, Scope and Background

Distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants in abiotic compartments is essential for describing their transfer and fate in aquatic ecosystems. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Water quality of Taihu Lake has deteriorated greatly during the last decades and has threatened the water supply. The aim of the present study was to investigate the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among overlying water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and pore water in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and to provide useful information for the ecological engineering in this area.

Materials and Methods

Overlying water and surface sediment were sampled from six sites in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Within 72 h of sampling, sediments were centrifuged to obtain the pore water. Overlying water samples were filtered to separate dissolved and SPM samples. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure. PAH fraction was obtained by elution with a mixture of hexane: DCM (7:3, V/V) and analyzed by GC/MS.

Results

PAHs concentrations in overlying water varied from 37.5 ng/L to 183.5 ng/L. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water were higher than those in overlying water. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments ranged from 2091.8 ng/g-dw to 4094.4 ng/g-dw. PAHs concentrations on SPM were decreased with suspended solid concentrations (SSC). Total PAHs concentrations on SPM varied in the range of 3369.6 ng/g-dw to 7531.1 ng/g-dw. The partition coefficients between sediment and overlying water (log K _oc) for PAHs with log K _ow<5 were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow) (n=39, r=0.79, p<0.0001). Partition coefficients between sediment and pore water (log K _oc′) for all PAHs were also significantly correlated with their log K _ow values (n=48, r=0.82, p<0.0001).

Discussion

In general, PAHs derived from combustion sources tend to bind strongly to soot particles in natural sediment. Consequentially, K _oc values observed in the natural environment could be orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by linear correlation relationships under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the ratio of log K _oc values to log K _ow values falls consistently above 1, indicating that the sediment soot carbon in the bay was more attractive for PAHs than n-octanol. The log K _oc′ was also higher than that predicted under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the measured pore water PAH concentrations were lower than those predicted. That is to say, not all the sediment PAHs can be available to partition rapidly into sediment pore waters. A variation in soot content is a possible reason. Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs on SPM were higher than those in sediments. The compositions of PAHs on SPM and in sediments were similar, indicating the importance of re-suspension process of sediments in the partitioning process of the shallow lake.

Conclusions

The results indicated the equilibrium partitioning model could be used to predict PAHs distribution in various phases of a shallow lake in the stagnation period, but re-suspension processes should be considered to modify the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows.

Recommendations and Perspectives

Concentration, particle size and composition of resuspended particles could affect the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows. Further work should be done under field conditions, especially where a steady thermodynamic equilibrium state could be assumed.

     

柴达木盆地半荒漠放牧绵羊钙、磷营养状况的研究

从青海海西州茶卡种羊场随机抽取10只青海半细毛羊,采集空腹颈静脉血样分析其血钙、血磷、血清碱性磷酸酶和羟脯氨酸等一系列反映钙磷营养的敏感生化指标,测定系骨组织的稳定化学指标。结果表明,4月、8月、10月绵羊血清钙分别为1.90mmol/L,2.24mmol/L和2.06mmol/L,均低于绵羊血钙正常范围下限;血清无机磷为3.04mmol/L,3.42mmol/L和2.70mmol/L,均在正常范围内;骨中钙/灰分8月和10月测定值低于正常值;骨磷/灰分3次测定值均高于正常值;骨钙/磷夏季(1.71∶1)最高,秋季(0.84∶1)最低,都小于正常参考值2∶1。由此可见:柴达木盆地半荒漠放牧绵羊钙处于不足状态,磷素基本能满足机体需要。     

用PAPD方法分析太湖大银鱼、太湖新银鱼和寡齿新银鱼的亲缘关系

１９９６￣１９９７年２年中在太湖６个水域采集到大银鱼（Ｐｒｏｔｏｓａｌａｎｘ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、太湖新银鱼（Ｎｅｏｓａｌａｎｘ ｒｅｇａｎｉｕｓ）和寡齿新银鱼（Ｎｅｏｓａｌａｎｘ ｏｌｉｇｏｄｏｎｔｉｓ）并发现其中有２个样品的ＲＡＰＤ图谱与其它样品的图谱有很大差异，进一步ＤＮＡ分析结果表明，这２个样品不属于大银鱼，太湖新银鱼和寡齿新银鱼的其它种银鱼，表明太湖中可能存在５种银鱼。     

坳陷湖盆斜坡带曲流河砂体分布与隐蔽油藏预测——以陕北宁条梁-乔沟湾地区延安组延91油组为例

认识鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡延安组砂体展布与隐蔽油藏分布是加快该区油气勘探与开发步伐面临的重要问题之一。以陕北斜坡宁条梁-乔沟湾地区延安组延91油组为例,利用岩芯、露头、测井、录井和分析化验资料,研究了斜坡带曲流河沉积微相展布与砂体分布规律,应用地质综合评价法,预测与评价了有利目标。结果表明,该区延91油组主要有曲流河河道、河漫滩和决口扇等3种沉积微相,发育多条主河道,呈北东-南西方向展布;砂体厚度4～20m,呈条带状分布,与沉积微相平面展布基本一致,在纵向上连续性好,而在横向上连续性相对较差,河道砂体孔隙较发育,渗透率较高;Ⅰ类目标2个,预测含油面积为22.91km2,地质储量为903×104t;Ⅱ类目标5个,预测含油面积为57.47km2,地质储量为2654×104t;Ⅲ类目标7个,预测含油面积为103.28km2,地质储量为3545×104t。砂体这种分布模式对预测隐蔽油藏分布有重要指导意义,下一步勘探重点应在曲流河河道砂体带上寻找隐蔽油藏。     

塔里木河流域未来农业水价调整的经济补偿效应及其管理研究

基于塔河流域农业水价承受力分析的基本指标,及适宜流域的水价补偿标准,分析了塔河流域不同水价补偿方案对不同农业节水水价的补偿效应。结果表明,未来应当根据农户的水价承受力,不同的流域实行不同的水价补偿;为保证流域的粮食生产安全,对粮食作物应当采用更高的水价补偿水平;未来流域农业水价调整既需要更高的水价补偿,又需要高的其他种植补贴,才能更好的保证未来农业水价调整的实施。